Arctic eroding up to 8 metres a year: study

Arctic coastline is retirement, particularly at the Canada, and their disappearance has a significant impact on the ecosystem and the social and economic life of the North, according to a group of international researchers.

The changes are particularly dramatic in the Beaufort Sea along the coast of the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Alaska and in the seas of Siberia's East, Laptev and along the North coast of the Russia. Some sections have seen erosion rates reach more than eight metres a year as protective sea ice disappears along the coast.

"Each element of the North will be affected, from the side to the Inuit way engineering interact with their environment."-Wayne Pollard, McGill

The study found that on average, the Arctic Coast is back by a half metre per year.

"Each element of the North will be affected, right side engineering how the Inuit to interact with their environment," Wayne Pollard, a Geomorphologist from McGill University who have contributed to the study, told the Canadian Press.

The study of 2010 by a consortium of over 30 researchers from 10 countries, was published Sunday in the journal estuaries and coasts. The consortium includes researchers from the Alfred Wegener Institute, based in Germany for polar research and Marine.

The project examined more than 100 000 kilometres of coastline, or a quarter of all coasts of the Arctic. This is the first to compare the different rates of erosion as well as to take into account its impact on the people of the North.

While they cannot prove that they have limited the data of the year to work with, scientists suspect that gradual wash-away, and thousands of kilometres of shoreline North is accelerating.

Researchers say rising temperatures in the North because of climate change are originally coastal to disappearing sea ice, leaving the coast without protection against the erosion force waves. The problem is particularly acute in the Arctic because approximately two-thirds of its coast consists of permafrost, which is much softer and therefore more susceptible to erosion than the rock.

Researchers say that since about a third of the coasts of the world are in the permafrost in the Arctic, coastal erosion may affect huge areas in the future.

This is a concern for deltas of Arctic River along the coast, who have high biodiversity and are extremely productive in other parts of the Arctic. Concern for researchers, these productive sectors may vary the coast erodes.

Pollard, who works many among the Inuvialuit of the territories of Northwestern Delta of Mackenzie region, said that the changes affect already traditional practices such as hunting seals, polar bears and beluga whales. People therefore adapted to their local environment they can navigate in fog by currents affecting their boats can no longer rely on old assumptions, he said.

"It is going to be there shoals where it was not before shoals, there will be storms coming from different directions," he said. "" "". "It really is beginning to disrupt traditional knowledge".

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Ozone layer Arctic hits record low

The ozone layer, shielding Earth from damaging ultraviolet rays has thinned to a low unprecedented over the Arctic in spring by harmful chemicals and a cold winter, the United Nations weather agency said Tuesday.

The fragile ozone layer Earth in the Arctic region has suffered a loss of about 40 per cent since the beginning of the winter until late March, exceeding the previous seasonal loss of about 30%, said the World Meteorological Organization.

Agency based in Geneva blamé loss on an accumulation of chemical ozone-eating once widely used as a coolant and products flame in a variety of devices and the very cold temperatures in the stratosphere, the second major layer of Earth's atmospherejust above the troposphere.

Arctic ozone conditions vary more than ozone seasonal "hole" that forms high in the stratosphere, near the South Pole each winter and spring, and temperatures are always warmer than over the Antarctic.

These above the Sweden, polar stratospheric clouds play an important role in the destruction of the ozone layer. (Reuters)

The changing weather conditions and temperatures some Arctic winters did experience almost no ozone loss, while other exceptionally cold stratospheric conditions may sometimes lead to substantial ozone depletion, A scientists say.

This year the Arctic Winter was warmer than the average ground-level, but cold in the stratosphere than normal winters in the Arctic. Officials of the United Nations said the latest losses - unprecedented, but entirely unexpected step - have been detected in observations of the soil and balloons and satellites over the Arctic.

Specialists of the atmosphere which are concerned about global warming focus on Arctic because it is a region where the effects are expected to be felt first.

Ozone scientists have said that the significant Arctic ozone depletion is possible in the case of a stratospheric Arctic winter cold and stable. Ozone losses occur on the polar regions, when the temperature drops below of-78 ° C, when clouds form in the stratosphere.

Average temperatures in January range from-40 0 C, while average temperatures in the range of 10 c to-10 July.

"The Arctic stratosphere continues to be vulnerable to the destruction of ozone-depleting substances activities related to human, ozone layer," said the Secretary General of the WMO, Michel Jarraud. "The degree of loss of ozone experienced in winter especially depends on weather conditions."

Loss comes despite the Treaty of ozone of United Nations, known as the Montreal Protocol of 1987, which resulted in the reduction of chemical substances harmful to ozone, such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and others, which have been used in the manufacture refrigeratorsair conditioners, fire extinguishers and even hairspray.

Ozone 196-nation Treaty encourages industries to use less harmful to the ozone replacement chemicals, the atmospheric layer that contributes to the protection against the most harmful rays of the Sun.

But, because these compounds have atmospheric long lifetimes, it takes decades for their concentrations of collapse to levels from before 1980, as it has been agreed in the Montreal Protocol.

Project staff of the United Nations, outside the polar regions ozone layer will recover to levels from before 1980 between 2030 and 2040.

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April 1 is coming... Give life a little entertainment spirit... ...

April 1 is coming... Give life a little entertainment spirit... ...

A, office applicable

1. Modulation smell coke

Buy a bottle of coke, drank half later, adding vinegar, soy sauce, salt, mustard seasoning and so on, and carefully modulated a colour and lustre is normal smell coke. Meet acquaintances act like it is drinking, then naturally "coke" give up, the other side, the side of unsuspecting thanks big mouthful down, and then, to open the mouth will vomit. Eyebrows You can also make by old formula, such as to mineral water into wine, and to the spirit erguotou beer soap water etc. Against PM

2, toothpaste GaXinBing 

The GaXinBing unpacking and carefully through two cracker, remove the original sandwich, take out toothpaste (best is black teeth 

Cream, tastes good! ) Squeeze appropriate amount to bread, component follow individual "diet" habit, finally to Bob close, try to do too lifelike presentable. You generally no specially use, just put it to obvious place, best to prepare for the GaXinBing patches of the original watching TV and eating, would automatically someone patronage taste. This is called JiangTaiGong fishing, let person the bait. You can also the initiative, everywhere please people, although the risk bigger taste, but there must be many people trap. 

3, the song 

Prepare for a water or enamel washbasin (other can send out loud after by the blow of high decibels objects all but) and telephone. Try to use a very formal tone phone call for the other party, after connect according to below words: here is the music station, a X (can say don't say real surname), sir/miss for Y sir/miss point one song, if you wanted to hear, please dial "#" key listen to (average person can click). Thank you, the song is engine 

"When", please listen carefully. Then tap the prepared blow things out, knock only once, 1 of "when" in each other, not the reaction come over, say: thank you for listening before, happy April fool's day, goodbye! 

This method is applicable to between quarters, or available telephone contact friends, who is a close final. In addition on the phone process must not laugh, lest affect effect and atmosphere. 

 4, double postage 

Estimation good time, ahead of time to send a letter of your friends, but don't put stamps, also don't make your mail address write (or it will give you back). This April fool's day one day, your friend will receive a notification issued by the post office, was told that wins he have a postage due mail, please to so-and-so post office and pay for place on get double postage. When he arrived in so-and-so post office, dusty, humbly after sending the postage on double, opened the envelope, but found savoir inside a small note, top write "happy April fool's day." But the joke may time could achieve error, the effect that there may not be an imagination of so good. 

5, gifts 

If someone's birthday on April fool's day, they gave him a write "happy birthday" big box, the box, and filled with scraps of this fluffed up. When he picked up the box, this fall, scraps of fly all over the house, is going to be up for the was a fool. Half an hour 

6, measuring 

With a cut the rope pranksters, stopped a pedestrian, to him for help measure size. Then take the other side of the rope, turned the corner, and stopped another pedestrian, likewise. Then you can hide in the side to complainers. Two people may wait ten minutes, seeing no action to put down the rope head, to find each other ask clear, then just can discover fooled. This is the good way to fool strangers. 

Second, network application: 

1 the most primary methods: simple, suitable for all use computers 

The toilet while others in their computer screen saver, set on and adding * * * *; Fake website administrator speech: "system will restart, please keep hands quit after the work"; E-mail to a friend, first Winzip, packaging, packaging... again Finally make self-extracting files, so circulates several times, finally open letter other only six Word: today is April fool's day! 

2. Easy to let art: appropriate use MSN instant messaging software friends 

Use emergency will are using instant messaging software was a fool ZhiKai, open the instant messaging software revision personal data options, use a keyboard, mouse, will be a fool looks to a comprehensive network of modifications. As for how to change, then take your interest and ability. Finally, don't forget the destruction of all the evidence may expose evidences. This method will not be discovered, not only let be a fool 1:30 was friends don't know who he was, even be a fool myself also 1:30 was confused. 

3, another method is seeking to be fools MSN number 

Himself to apply for a MSN number, according to the details of fools provide your personal information. Will be a fool to join you apply new number contact list, and then began to grab the weakness of "big bombing". This method is mainly to don't let them know of who you are, so in use must note hidden, try not to let the other side to you have suspicion. 

Remind be fools: whenever and wherever there are ten million should remember will leave the computer system lock, again. Once the suspect in Plan, can only be careful, carefully to observe cracked. 

4, bait-and-switch: change is a fool some of computer Settings 

Using the microphone and Windows bringing "recorder" program to record some terrorist or extraordinary voice, and then the Settings for Windows open (closed) machine voice. So when be fools open (closed) machine, suddenly must be jump. Will be a fool in the computer "my documents" of the corresponding target folder change and let its mistake written document all disappear hard. Will be a fool commonly used some application shortcuts target change and let its click shortcut open procedure, but found start-up not and shortcut corresponding program. Note must will shortcut icon to maintain and original procedures. 

These methods a fool's effect is the first-class, enough to be a fool a racing heartbeat, increased blood pressure, emit cold sweat. But when use must careful, because but they made a great mistake. 

Remind: don't give anyone is April fool's day can be as close as your computer's chance. 

5, move hardware 

Computer broke down, average person can see program or whether Internet wrong, seldom consider that slight little hardware you can be a fool also did not go to work, and it will display before the power plug or mouse plug fluffed up so that when be fools work opened his computer will find display screen or hints the mouse can't find, as he did not know what to do, you will easily appears, brace again, then each other not only questions resolved never think be fooled, but also greatly appreciate you? 

Of course there are also "vicious" one court, that is will display contrast to adjust the minimum to screen for dark principle. So, unless the other very talk, or extremely difficult to find the real cause. If he feels is hardware that right, and likely will own computer "big discharging, in order to check eight" reasons. 

Remind: should pay attention to observe carefully monitor power indicator. Whether you can find the problem, see you Not deep spiritual deep. 

2011 Arctic Sea Ice Maximum Joint Lowest On Record

Sea ice cover in the Arctic appears to have reached its maximum extent for the year, and according to scientists with the National Snow and Ice Data Center, that extent ties 2006 for the lowest on record.
Watching a time-lapse movie of sea ice as it waxes and wanes over the course of a year is a little like watching a lung breathe in and breathe out. Over the fall and winter months, it steadily expands until it achieves its greatest extent - generally somewhere in March - and then it retreats until it reaches its lowest area, generally in September.
Arctic Ice Is Younger, Thinner, and Disappearing
As Arctic temperatures warm, particularly in summer, the minimum sea ice extent has decreased precipitously. It is presently declining by 11.5 percent per decade relative to the 1979-2000 average. That decline has in turn affected sea ice recovery in the winter, as the ice that reforms is now younger and thinner, and thus less likely to persist. However, because the Arctic remains an extremely cold environment in the winter months, winter sea ice decline is less than in summer: about 3 to 4 percent per decade since 1979, when satellite measurements began.
Since the start of the satellite record, the maximum Arctic sea ice extent has occurred as early as February 18 and as late as March 31, with an average date of March 6. This year, it appears to have reached its maximum on March 7. At 14.64 million square kilometers (5.65 million square miles), the extent was 1.2 million square kilometers (471,000 square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average of 15.86 million square kilometers (6.12 million square miles), and equal to 2006 for the lowest maximum extent in the satellite record.
NSIDC will publish a full analysis of the 2010-11 winter season, and graphics comparing this season to the long-term record, in early April.
Photograph by Andy Mahoney/NSIDC


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